ISO 45001 and controversial transnational private regulation for occupational health and safety

This article analyses the genesis of the ISO 45001 standard on occupational health and safety, a new initiative of transnational private regulation. The authors draw a picture of controversy from interviews with stakeholders involved in its design, approval and initial dissemination, and from a qualitative content analysis of the internal documentation of the committee responsible for its approval. Like its predecessors relating to environmental management – ISO 14001 – and corporate social responsibility – ISO 26000 – this new standard raises serious concerns among stakeholders given that it deals with substantive political, social and legal issues.     

How performance management regulations shape evaluation practice in South African municipalities

South African municipalities are taking hesitant steps towards institutionalising evaluation practice. This paper explores how evaluation is being institutionalised at a municipal level, looking at both the legislative and regulatory requirements in terms of planning, budgeting, and reporting, as well as opportunities for evaluative practice. A well-established performance management system, coupled with certain constraints to innovation and building an evaluative culture are contributing to the creation of an evaluation function that serves a monitoring purpose. A combination of desktop research and participatory action research was used to understand the municipal practice of evaluation. The results have implications for how decentralised public sector evaluation systems are understood.     

Measuring success: Explications and measurement scales of instructing information and adjusting information

Substantial research exists to study reputation management messages but far less research exists to consider instructing information and adjusting information during and after a crisis. This research seeks to build tools that assist in the study of base crisis responses. Using a literature review, 18 interviews with people with expertise in public relations, and an experiment with 286 participants recruited from mTurk, this research builds scales that assess the quality of instructing information and adjusting information given during a crisis. The resulting scales are found to be reliable and predict significant change in post-crisis reputation in an initial test. Potential uses of these scales for crisis communication scholars and public relations practitioners are discussed.     

Where college students look for vaping information and what information they believe

Abstract

Objective: This convergent mixed methods study examined how information sources influence college students’ beliefs and knowledge about vaping. Participants: College students either completed a survey (n?=?522; January–April, 2016) or were interviewed (n?=?33; 2015–2016). Methods: College students completed an online survey asking ‘where’ students had heard about e-cigarette and ‘what’ they had heard. Responses were quantified and a chi-square analysis was conducted. Additional college student e-cigarette users were interviewed about the credibility of information sources. Thematic analysis was conducted with the coded interviews. Results: There was a significant relationship between information sources for e-cigarettes (social sources, media, advertising, education/research) and the messages they recalled. Friends who vaped and e-cigarette users were the most credible information sources. Confirmation bias and scientific impotence bias characterized assessment of e-cigarette information. Conclusions: Health education specialists working on college campuses should provide accurate information via communication channels most unitized by college students.     

The red and the black: China’s social credit experiment as a total test environment

China's social credit system is an unusually explicit case where technology is used by multiple actors to turn human behavior into a test object on behalf of the state's goal of modifying the larger social environment, making it an intriguing setting for thinking about the new sociology of testing. This article considers how China's search for a usable “credit” score to both allocate financial resources and explicitly measure a citizen's trustworthiness creates an emergent experimental system of governance similar to, yet not quite captured by, the kinds of experimental processes observed in literature on the platform as a form of market-based governance. As a site where “seeing like a state” and “seeing like a market” converge, the social credit system is a vantage point for observing the changing relationship between moral and economic domains in an era of digital platforms. The article highlights the experimental quality of the system and its emerging system of governance structured around reward and punishment and argues that strategic ambiguity, institutionalized through the affordances of digital platforms, is an important part of the design of this large-scale social experiment.     

复杂性科学及其在经济领域中的资助和研究进展

统计和分析了国家自然科学基金委员会(以下简称基金委) 管理科学部自 1986 年以来对复杂性科学及其在经济领域中相关研究的资助情况，同时，对复杂性科学及其与经济科学融合所产生的复杂经济学等研究进行了梳理，系统总结和分析了国内外相关研究的进展和发展趋势，以期为该领域的研究者提供参考和启示，促进复杂系统管理的研究，进而为管理科学部的十四五学科战略规划提供参考，为国家经济治理体系的完善等提供理论储备．     

Afghan families and health professionals’ access to health information during and after pregnancy

BackgroundHaving a baby in a new country can be challenging, especially if unable to communicate in a preferred language. The aim of this paper is to explore the provision of health information for Afghan women and men during pregnancy, childbirth and the first year after birth in Melbourne, Australia.MethodsCommunity engagement underpinned the study design. Qualitative study with bicultural researchers conducting semi-structured interviews. Interviews and focus groups were also conducted with health professionals.ResultsSixteen Afghan women and 14 Afghan men with a baby aged 4–12 months participated. Thirty four health professionals also participated. Verbal information provided by a health professional with an interpreter was the most common way in which information was exchanged, and was generally viewed favourably by Afghan women and men. Families had limited access to an interpreter during labour and some families reported difficulty accessing an interpreter fluent in their dialect. Availability of translated information was inconsistent and health professionals occasionally used pictures to support explanations. Women and men were unsure of the role of health professionals in providing information about issues other than pregnancy and infant wellbeing.ConclusionBoth individual and health system issues hinder and enable the availability and use of information. Consistent, understandable and ‘actionable’ information is required to meet the needs of diverse families. Health professionals need to be supported with adequate alternatives to written information and access to appropriate interpreters. Inconsistent provision of information is likely to contribute to low health literacy and poor maternal and child health outcomes.     

大数据在重大行政决策中的应用及其法治化

大数据在重大行政决策领域的应用，属于技术理性与决策规则的有机融合。凭借信息来源与技术革新，大数据可赋予传统决策向数字化转型的新动能。大数据的应用贯穿于重大行政决策始终，在市场监管、环境保护等多类事项中所发挥的实践优势较为明显，能够推动决策的高效化、提升决策的精准度、增强决策机关之间的联动。然而，大数据应用可能会引发决策安全的隐忧、个人数据存在的空间被挤压以及决策失误的责任承担等难题。对前述问题提出对策的过程，实乃数据治理向治理数据的转变，此阶段不能欠缺法律法规的引导，应尝试从决策数据安全体系的法治保障、个人数据的法律保护、决策责任追究机制的科学建构等层面去推动大数据应用的法治化。     

论被遗忘权的本土化移植

随着信息技术的高速发展，公民的个人信息和个人隐私极易遭受滥用和侵害。以达成数据主体对于个人信息的主动自决意愿为内驱动力的被遗忘权，欧美发达国家因符合其政治需求和价值主张而广泛确立。虽然被遗忘权权利本质亦与我国社会发展实际相契合，且国内的立法司法实践也为其培育了移植基础，但被遗忘权在我国的本土化移植仍然面临诸多障碍，如信息技术瓶颈、商业风险增加、现有制度衔接低效等。从厘清被遗忘权基本概念、建立专门信息保护机构、构建商业化个人信息储存及使用机制、明确被遗忘权救济渠道与规则以及升级信息保护技术等方面为切入点，寻求被遗忘权本土化移植的解决思路。     

对农村土地承包经营权具体期限设置的思考 ——基于“轮+期限” 与“适当调整” 法律适宜性的探讨

土地承包经营权是一种有期限的新型物权,合理、恰当地设置其期限,可以稳定农民与土地的关系,进而稳定土地经营权使用者的未来土地收益,有利于规范农村土地流转市场秩序,稳定地实现农民的土地财产性收益。新通过的《农村土地承包法》修订草案对耕地承包期届满后作出“再延长三十年”的修订,需要警惕落入形式化的“长久不变”而掩盖风险,因此要反思“自动续期三十年”背后的原委及可能的调整。从农村土地承包关系及其期限设置的政策与法律变迁着手,论证了“长久不变”并不等于没有期限以及设置“每轮”的政策合理性,并阐述了实践中土地流转需要的差异性、变动性与土地承包经营权期限设置的不匹配困境，凸显法律“适当调整”的必要性。将“长久不变”由“土地关系”的调整转向“土地利益”的调整,土地利益协调由形式公平转向实质公平,这直接体现出“适当调整”以均衡土地利益关系来回应“长久不变”的实质性与精准性。最后，从确保我国农村土地承包关系实质“长久不变”的层面提出了“确保大稳定”“预期小调整”的优化路径。